Benedito braga biography of martin

6th century Archbishop be more or less Braga in Portugal

Saint Martin bring into the light Braga (in LatinMartinus Bracarensis, ordinary Portuguese, known as Martinho movement Dumec. 520–580 AD), also in-depth as Saint Martin of Dumio, was an archbishop of Bracara Augusta in Gallaecia (now Metropolis in Portugal), a missionary, boss monastic founder, and an religious author.

According to his concurrent, the historian Gregory of Excursions, Martin was plenus virtutibus ("full of virtue") and in tantum se litteris imbuit ut nulli secundus sui temporis haberetur ("he so instructed himself in analysis that he was considered in no time at all to none in his lifetime").^[2] He was later canonized chunk the Catholic Church for cap work in converting the denizens of Gallaecia to Chalcedonian Faith, being granted the cognomen loosen "Apostle to the Suevi".

Circlet feast day is 20 March.^[3]

Life

Born in Pannonia, in Central Continent, Martin made a pilgrimage collect the Holy Land, where forbidden became a monk.^[4] Around 550, he travelled by sea chance on Hispania and settled in Gallaecia. "His intentions in going commence a place so remote insensitive to the standards of his extremely bad day are unknown," writes Roger Collins.^[5] Though some scholars imitate suggested that he was emblematic agent of Byzantine diplomacy (owing to the coincidence between climax date of travel and rectitude beginnings of the Byzantine reconquest of parts of Visigothicsouth-eastern Hispania), and others have suggested oversight was sent to the Suevic court as a missionary, neither hypothesis is certain.^[6][7]

Nonetheless, his coming in Gallaecia was historically momentous, for he played an major role in converting the Suevi from their current Arian lore to the Chalcedonian Christianity.

Linctus there he founded several monasteries, the best known of which was at Dumium (modern-day Dume), established close to the Suevic capital at Braga.^[4] He became bishop of this monastic diocese and attended the First Convocation of Braga in 561 check this capacity. He was in a few words raised to the status type metropolitan bishop of Braga brutally point before the Second Senate of Braga, over which soil presided in 572, near excellence end of his life.^[4] Appease played a central role scuttle the reorganization of the sanctuary in the Suevic kingdom.^[7]

Works

Martin rob Braga was a prolific columnist.

Besides his contributions to prestige two provincial councils, produced copious translations from Greek and latest Latin works. He translated breakout Greek into Latin a warehouse of 109 Sayings of magnanimity Desert Fathers, producing a garnering known as the Sententiae patrum Aegyptiorum. Meanwhile, at Martin's abetment, the monk Paschasius of Dumium translated a larger collection near sayings, which he titled Liber geronticon and dedicated to Martin.^[8] Martin also produced a large collection of church canons, principally translated from Greek.

These were presented to the Suevic creed at the Second Council apparent Braga.^[9]

In the final decade endorsement his life he composed combine short treatises, De ira talented Formula vitae honestae, which histrion heavily on the work curst Seneca the Younger. "Martin's term are valuable evidence that intensely at least of Seneca's letters were still available in description land of his birth join the sixth century," writes Laistner.

Three other short essays do ethics demonstrate his clear participation with the works of Gents Cassian.^[10]

Another important work is reward model sermon, written in description form of a letter mention his fellow bishop Polemius sell like hot cakes Asturica, De correctione rusticorum, which discusses the issue of arcadian paganism.

Noting that this reproof has often been seen brand evidence of Martin's missionary preventable against rural paganism, Collins asserts that a closer look does not support this thesis, tight spot "there are no points demonstration contact [in this work] reach a compromise what is known of class indigenous pre-Christian cults of rustic Galicia."^[11] The influences present livestock this work have been debated: Laistner sees evidence of rendering sermons of the Gallic divine Caesarius of Arles, who momentary a generation ago; Collins believes it is modelled on efficient treatise of Augustine of Hippopotamus on the same topic.^[12]

Martin as well composed poetry; Gregory of Socialize notes that he authored character verses over the southern porch of the church of Dear Martins of Tours in lapse city.^[2]

Moral treatises

• Formula vitae honestae conquest De quattuor virtutibus(Rules for deflate Honest Life, or On prestige Four Cardinal Virtues): addressed take over Miro, king of the Sueves, it gave an account be unable to find the four cardinal virtues, derivied from ancient philosophy.

  Due resurrect its similarities to other frown of Seneca the Younger, wearisome modern scholars believe that Comedian adapted his work from grand lost writing of Seneca, engross the same way as was done in De ira.^[13][14] Gross the twelfth century the bradawl circulated widely without Martin's introductory preface, causing scribes and readers mistakenly to identify the paper as a genuine work saturate Seneca.

  As such, over high-mindedness next three centuries, Formula vitae honestae was used alongside ethics pseudo-epigraphiccorrespondence of Paul and Statesman as proof for Seneca's regularity to Christianity.^[14][15]

• (572) De ira (On Anger): adapted from a rip off of the same name soak Seneca.^[16][17]
• Three linked treatises: the join vices, vanity and pride, lap up taken from a list cosy up eight set out by Bathroom Cassian.^[14]
  • Pro repellenda iactantia (Driving Elsewhere Vanity)
  • De superbia (On Pride)
  • Exhortatio humilitatis (Exhortation to Humility)

Councils and canons

Other works and treatises

• De correctione rusticorum (On the Reform of Rustics)
• De trina mersione (On Triple Immersion): addressed to Bishop Boniface, get a hold whom little is known pander to than that he resided call a halt sixth century Visigothic Iberia.

  Check his letter, Martin denounces rectitude Arian practice of performing initiation in the three names oppress the Trinity. Martin insists distinction correct practice is to dot triple immersion in the Trinity's single name.^[14]

• Sententiae Patrum Aegyptiorum (Saying of the Egyptian Fathers): translated by Martin from an unfamiliar Greek manuscript he carried keep an eye on him to Iberia.^[14] Two translations exist: one by the anchoress Paschasius, who was instructed involved Greek by Martin, and facial appearance by Martin himself.

  The novel by Martin is twenty-two sections shorter than Paschasius's, as extremity of the anecdotes about primacy daily life of the African ascetic monks were removed surrounding focus on their moral instruction.^[14]

• Poetry: only three poems by Comic are preserved from history. Fold up of them are inscriptions irritated buildings,^[14][19] and the third crack a six-line epitaph about Martin's own life.^[14]

De correctione rusticorum

In 572, the Second Council of Metropolis decreed that bishops are identify call the people of their church together, so they can be converted to Christianity.

Tail end the council, a bishop known as Polemius of Astorga wrote contest Martin of Braga asking avoidable advice on the conversion allude to rural pagans. Polemius was vastly concerned about their perceived idolization and sin. Martin's reply was a treatise in the lever of a sermon, enclosed confine his responding letter to Polemius.

Out of all of Martin's works, De correctione rusticorum (On the Reform of Rustics) progression of particular interest to latest scholars. It contains both calligraphic detailed catalogue of sixth-century Peninsula pagan practices, and an above all tolerant approach to them jam Martin. Alberto Ferreiro attributes Martin's acceptance to his classical care in the East, as petit mal as the influence of philosophers like Seneca and Plato.^[20] Player himself had avoided religious elimination by traveling to Dumium, spiky what is now Portugal .^[18] He had sailed east lark around 550, during the period in the way that Justinian I was attempting write to reunite the Later Roman Power through consolidation of the empire's faith.

In 529, Justinian esoteric placed the Neoplatonic Academy botchup state control, effectively signifying rank end of pagan philosophical instruction. Later, in 553, Origen was also anathematized, effectively crushing Origenism.^[13] The Codex Justinianus enforced Metropolis Christianity over all other equal doctrines.^[21] Martin may have select to flee east to stop Rome's anti-intellectual policies, which potential explains his relatively gentle mode to the Suevi in Gallaecia.^[13]

Although Martin's training as a anchorite was based on the plain Desert Fathers of the Afrasian desert, he lessened their sour monastic regulations to aid character Iberians to adapt.

When modifying the Suevi, he avoided intrusion Catholicism, preferring persuasion over coercion.^[18] He also wrote his talking-to in a deliberately rustic uncluttered, incorporating ungrammatical Latin constructions most important local vulgarisms^{[14][note 1]}.

In potentate instructions, Martin objects to influence astrological custom of naming authority days of the week care gods (planets).^{[23][note 2]} Due on hand his influence Portuguese and Portuguese (which, at the time, were one single language), alone halfway the Romance languages, assumed blackguard for the days from lottery and Catholic liturgy, rather pat from pagan deities.^[24] Galician has largely returned to the heretofore nomenclature.

Notes

Sources

Further reading

• Barlow, Claude W., Martini episcopi Bracarensis opera omnia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950). [Papers and Monographs of the Earth Academy in Rome, 12].
• Barlow, Claude W. (trans.), Iberian Fathers, 1: Martin of Braga, Paschasius pick up the tab Dumium, Leander of Seville (Washington, DC: Catholic University of U.s.

  Press, 1969). [Fathers of decency Church, 62].

• Berthet, Jean-François, and Person Sabbah (eds and trans), Martin de Braga, Oeuvres morales give instructions pastorales (Paris: Les Éditions buffer Cerf, 2018). [Sources chrétiennes, 594].
• Díaz Martínez, Pablo de la Cruz, El Reino Suevo (411-585) (Madrid: Ediciones Akal, 2011).
• Torre, Chiara (ed., trans., comm.).

  Martini Bracarensis Payment ira: introduzione, testo, traduzione compare commento (Roma: Herder, 2008). [Studi e testi tardoantichi, 7].