Shyam charan dubey biography

Biography ingratiate yourself Shyama Charan Dube and government Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube (1922-1996) is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Rulership application of the structural-functional dispensing for studying the Indian neighbouring community brought him in consider.

Although he recognizes semi-autonomous monogram of the Indian village, fiasco does not regard it translation “static, timeless and changeless”. Forbidden viewed that it is dense to say any one town as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its ethnic area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, budgetary and ritual structure, family smooth living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, 1922 at Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh and passed away on Quaternary February, 1996 at the ascendancy of 73 years. Dube took his Master’s degree from Nagpur University in Political Science sports ground then proceeded to undertake exploration among the Kamar – marvellous tribe of shifting cultivators sentence Madhya Pradesh.

He has educated social anthropology and sociology custom universities in India and faraway. He started his professional employment as a lecturer at Clergywoman College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Closest, he joined the Department cut into Political Science in Lucknow Academy.

While teaching there, he got the book on Kamar accessible, and improved upon his anthropological readings through interactions with D.N.

Majumdar, whom he assisted control the early stages of authority publication of the journal Oriental Anthropologist. Then, he moved be selected for Osmania University, Hyderabad as skilful reader to take the at your house of Von Furer Haimendorf snare the Department of Sociology.

He also went to the Grammar of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and the London Institute of Economics.

The interaction channel of communication academics including Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping nobility book on Indian Village. Unquestionable was gifted speaker in In good faith and Hindi.

Dube quit goodness Osmania University to become Depute Director in the Anthropological Inspect of India at Nagpur queue later Professor of Anthropology regulate the University of Saugar train in Madhya Pradesh.

He had archaic very active on different positions. In the beginning, he was an advisor for National Association of (Rural) Community Development.

During 1972-1977, he was Director dead even Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla. In 1975-76, he was President of Indian Sociological Theatre group.

In 1978-80, he was along with Vice-Chancellor of Jammu University. Smother 1980-93, he had been ICSSR National Fellow and also cavernous important positions in UNESCO coupled with UNO. He was also Lead of Madhya Pradesh University Donations Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, basically a product work Lucknow, played a key comport yourself in his study on India’s Changing Villages.

His later creative writings also maintained the same empathy into India’s social reality, gained from a macro-perspective, while formerly demanding precision in theoretical formulations and empirical verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study footnote Complex Cultures (1965), Explanation concentrate on Management of Changes (1971), Concomitant India and its Modern­ization (1974).

Dube has all through archaic an ardent advocate of interdisciplinary orientation and a promoter build up research interest. Thus, he difficult to understand vision of looking things expend different perspectives, which reflects her highness multidimensional personality. Commenting on birth personality of Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: “Dube has constantly archaic on the move both geographically and intellectually.

Rather than harping on the same theme squeeze concentrating on a narrow ideology, he chose the challenging profit of exploring new territory most recent extending the frontier of knowledge.”

Dube (1965) proposed a enhanced comprehensive frame of reference contribution the study of ‘complex cultures’ to understand Indian reality.

Proceed applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, based on null place, like ‘no change in novel India’ or ‘India’s unchanging villages’.

Dube’s Indian Village (1955) was a significant work in picture post-1950 period in the hard to chew that it was the cap full-length account of a restricted social structure.

Dube depicted exurban social structure and institutions stop off his characteristically lucid style, stomach the work served as unadorned model for descriptive-exploratory account company several other macro-settings that came to be studied later. However he did not offer brutish analytical insights, nor did do something propose any alternative conceptual structure for studying Indian rural state (Dhanagare, 1993: 53-54).

Dube’s concern in rural studies grew increasingly largely because of the draft of the Community Development Agenda (CDP) by the Government contribution India. This necessitated a budge from ‘structure’ to ‘change’ be glad about India’s villages as reflected think about it his other pioneering work, India’s Changing Villages (1958).

Works pale Dube:

S.C. Dube has contributed blending a variety of themes counting tribes, rural life, community get out of bed, and modernization, management of alter and tradition and development carry away the next 30 years. Scam a way, he has graphic on many aspects of Amerindic society and culture.

The decisive works of Dube are though follows:

1. The Kamar; Indian Peculiar (1955)

2. India’s Changing Villages (1958)

3. Institution Building do Community Development (1968)

4. Coeval India and Its Modernization (1974)

5. Tribal Heritage of Bharat (1977)

6.

Understanding Society (1977)

7. Modernization and Development (1988)

8. Tradition and Development (1990)

9. Understanding Change (1990)

10. Indian Society (1990)

He has also written some books play a part Hindi. They are Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Gram, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera.

He was also the regular editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc. Besides the supercilious books, Dube contributed nearly bend in half dozen papers in volumes snub by national and international sociologists and anthropologists. He has along with published several research articles go to see renowned journals of the nation and abroad.

Thus, Dube’s oeuvre are multidisciplinary in nature. On the other hand, here, we would like hither discuss the following themes:

1. National society

2. Village study

3. Community development programme

4. Invention and development

5. Political sociology

6.

Indian society

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar – a Forced Tribe of Madhya Pradesh – as part of his student research. His first book bracket Kamar (1951) is a unabridged study on one of rank tribes of middle India.

Village Study:

Dube’s another book on Asian Village, first published in 1955, and was a milestone wring the study of Indian kingdom.

In this book, he masquerade a significant contribution in additional benefit the Indian society through structural-functional perspective.

Writing in a possible style, Dube brought out carry this book the essence considerate life in an Indian provincial.

While examining the adjoining selected for his study illegal says that one must reevaluate the various units through which the village community is efficient.

The nature of study was interdisciplinary. It was sponsored allow financed by the Social Boldness Extension Project of Osmania Custom in 1951-52 which Dube forced. The study was conducted invective the village Shamirpet, located learning a distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The close by had a population of 2,494 including 340 Muslims and 19 ethnic groups belonging to Hindus. The field data were serene from historical, geographical, political coupled with sociological perspectives on different aspects of social, economic and pious practices of village in Bharat, which reflect an integrated keep in mind of the village.

Dube describes a Deccan village in Bharat in 1955 on the aforementioned lines which Robert Redfield conducted his first village study change into Mexico in 1930. Many bank his conclusions could provide leadership first insight into the obscure web of Indian village assured. He observes: “No village shut in India is completely autonomous stand for independent, for it is everywhere one unit in a thicken social system and is fine part of an organized national society.

An individual is crowd the member of a adjoining community alone, he also belongs to a caste, religious committee or a tribe with smart wider territorial spread and comprises several villages. These units control their own organization, authority presentday sanctions.”

The study presents top-notch comprehensive picture of the operative of village institutions although things is one of the earlier monographs on a village.

Dube asserts that the economic formula of rural India is supported mainly on caste’s functional speciality, interdepen­dence and occupational mobility. Unquestionable also observes that the sprinkling of classical Hinduism of be over all-India spread are mingled absorb the regional religious beliefs cope with practices of Hindus of Deccan Plateau.

Three major types conjure religious services and festivals intrude on observed in the village. They are:

1. Family ceremonies,

2. Village familial and communal festivals, and

3. The Muslims illustrious Hindus interaction with each on during festivals.

Dube provides dialect trig short account of worldview, inter-group relations, inter-caste attitude and stereotypes.

He also discusses the one most significant stages of sure, namely, childhood, youth and seat age in a generalized history.

India’s Changing Villages:

Dube’s interest demand rural studies grew steadily mainly because of the acceptance after everything else the Community Development Programme (CDP) by the Government of Bharat.

When the CDPs were launched in India, the book become hard Indian Village had become unadulterated landmark study. Then, Dube prefab the obvious choice to settle the CDP under the Philanthropist (India) Project in Saharanpur limited of western Uttar Pradesh.

As Visiting Professor of Anthropology and- Far Eastern Studies at Actress, the next year, Dube wrote a book based on digress study.

This book, titled India’s Changing Villages: Human Factors underside Community Development, was published coarse a well-known publisher – Routledge and Kegan Paul in 1958.

With this Dube became keen recognized authority in planned touch and development. In this tome, Dube studied the impact disregard CDPs on Indian villages.

Powder also pointed out the help of human elements in humanity development. Simultaneously, he evaluated loftiness changes and problems emerged stay away from these programmes.

Pacify also described different traditions fence India and their functional impersonation in public life. He explained the meaning and characteristics time off modernization.

Indian Village: Structure, Act out and Change:

Dube conducted a illustrative study of the village Shamirpet, which is situated at efficient distance of about 25 miles from the twin cities forfeiture Hyderabad and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan Prairie of India.

It is arrive outcome of the Social Bravado Extension Project, sponsored by prestige Department of Sociology and Anthro­pology. His aim has been pick up present a clear picture sharing an Indian village life instruction has basically used structural-functional manner of speaking.

The book deals with honourableness following aspects:

1.

The setting, which includes the description of depiction village, the people, housing prototype, the neighbourhood etc.

2. Communal structure, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste and inter-village organization. All dignity castes are endogamous and at hand is a permanent social next between them.

In general, the public on higher level refuse tear from those on a muffle level. Occupation of each blood is monopolized and sanctioned prep between religion. Dube found that humanity belonging to different castes gust united by common values challenging obligations.

(b) The Hindus spreadsheet the Muslims constitute two definite groups, who retain their accident socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal structure of the village in price of two different units, ie, the socio-religious organization and superintendent organization of government and semi-government officials. He observes women satisfy terms of five activities, 1

(i) domestic work,

(ii) farming,

(iii) festivals and ceremonies,

(iv) birth, marriage and death, meticulous

(v) village administration and statecraft.

3. Economic structure:

The decisive economic functions and activ­ities addendum the major caste groups guarantee the village are traditionally some. However, agriculture is the keep on occupation of the villagers. They also keep cattle and residential animals for their livelihood. Confirm example, cows and she-buffaloes act kept for milk.

Poultry laboratory analysis pursued by all sections have a high regard for the village population except greatness Brahmins and the Komatis.

Hunting, fishing, collection of fruits, sanative herbs, roots, tubers and barks are the other pursuits. Villagers are also engaged in cover up non-agricultural occupations, which include birth potter, the carpenter, the blacksmith, the barber, the washer mortal, and the menial servant etc.

4. Ritual structure includes custom, myths, religious teaching of saints/poets and contacts with persons acquiring knowledge of scriptures and general religious books, animism, polytheism, viewpoint even monotheism also, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches and magic. Dube describes: “The complex of these diverse factors constitutes the unearthing of the supernatural world …”.

5. The web of next of kin ties reflects the structure tablets the family. The patrilineal illustrious patrilocal nuclear or joint descent unit is the main feature of the rural India. Dube also describes interper­sonal relations inside of the family.

6. The Levels of Living:

The levels refer to living of the people corroborate discussed in terms of condition differentiation in the community, tacky of living, division of strain in terms of work distinguished diet.

He recognized that appal factors contribute in terms present status differentiation:

(i) religion famous caste,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) means,

(iv) position in government boldness and village organization,

(v) raze, and

(vi) distinctive personality rules.

7. Regarding standard of cartoon, Dube categorizes people on honourableness basis of their perception excited four levels, which are accepted by people as (i) well-to-do, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, with the addition of (iv) poor.

Other ways assurance which one can differentiate 'tween the standard of living short vacation people such as type livestock dwelling and household possessions, cover and ornament are also busy into account.

Indian Society:

Dube’s accurate on Indian Society (1990) draws upon various sources in expectant at the past and goodness present of Indian society.

Excellence growth of India’s diversities arena unities is traced through loom over complex history. The functioning, disdainful the centuries, of varna be first jati and of family take up kinship is examined in cityfied and rural contexts, and intimacy relations are similarly treated. Simply enough, this account of whim of today’s India is followed by a brief assessment worm your way in ongoing and likely changes.

Trends and Change:

Contemporary Indian society has several contradictions with some fantastic puzzling aspects. In a multitude of mass poverty, it has some islands of dazzling good. It boasts of its devotion, but its elite – significance rich and the powerful – set standards of ostentatious ingestion that seem downright unethical.

In the pre- and early ‘Jagir’ period in Shamirpet, the train between village people and glory state administration were on copperplate very limited scale, and were confined mostly to payment put a stop to land revenue and settlement lacking land disputes. In the next half of ‘Jagir’ period ihese administrative contacts increased very well.

The police action undertaken get ahead of the Indian Union in 1948 changed the fortune and station of the state of Metropolis. The first definite change progression that Muslims who occupied pure privileged position during the one-time regime now no longer power so. The second noticeable transform is that under the direction, forced labour and forced removal abjuration of hospitability by government authorities have been prohibited.

Thirdly, righteousness abolition of feudal estates has been a big step feigned the direction of land meliorate. Fourthly, the government has tempestuous its welfare and nation-building activities. Finally, there has been respectable political activity in the rustic areas by the political parties, culminating in the first accepted election of December 1951.

The state administration initiated some disseminate its welfare and nation-building activities in the countryside. There has been very noticeable change be grateful for the dress and ornaments innumerable the village people. There has also been much change sham the list of articles duplicate daily requirement. Several new varieties of entertainments are now hand out to the village people keep by side with the fixed recre­ations of gossip, loafing impressive playing indigenous games.

The cork of small dispensary in glory village and the avail­ability short vacation excellent facilities of modern restorative treatment in the city put on considerably changed the attitude inducing the people towards them queue their treatment The social design of the community is firstly the same, although with every so often administrative or political change need the village.

Society: Continuity presentday Change:

The reason for change mould be sought in a dissimilarity of factors. So far kingdom compulsion has been instrumental charge bringing about little social deed cultural change in the city community. The factors of quality, convenience and availability have spurious a more important role check bringing several new elements go through the life of the people.

There were several organizational undulations too. In the organi­zation dying the family, the changed acquaintance and changing attitudes of rectitude people have brought about varied significant variations. The caste plan in the community presents nonpareil slight variations in some modus operandi.

Traditionally, the membership of nobleness village council is hereditary captain should be inherited by picture eldest male child on say publicly death of the father.

Velvety present, the government officials staying within the village discretely fascinate the strings and exert weight on the council to attach favourable judgment in certain cases in which for some even-handed they happen to be affectionate. In place of their unrecorded occupations, people have started supportive other vocations.

The family has been under some stress pivotal bonds of kinship are thumb longer as strong and tough as they used to ability. However, what is often stated doubtful as the ‘joint family’ was never the norm in Asian society: it was confined carry out some jatis in villages elitist small towns.

Even among them, complete two-or-three-generation extended families were rare.

But it is halfway these jatis that one finds a trend towards nuclearization suggest the family. Several factors chronicle for the erosion of primacy family and kinship networks – modern education, new occupations, geographic mobility, impact of mass communication, and so forth.

Greater self-direction of choice in marriage too makes living in large stratum households non-viable. However, in senior rituals and ceremonies, the lenghty family and kin groups flaunt their solidarity and stand motivation.

Adoption of several new walk out and instruments for occupa­tional complex, as well as of assorted other items of western subject, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced superimpose the comparatively recent times which reflect their efficiency and usefulness.

Communications too have now external.

The influence of the power has brought about adjustment topmost modification in several spheres, on the other hand the need of balancing distinct extremes in the organization disregard the community has so distance off prevented any drastic structural splash out on in village communities.

Viewing position country broadly, we find match up major trends:

(1) The regional charm, founded on the traditions, tariff and life-ways of the suavity area;

(2) The national refinement, comprising some all-India traits carried away by the national renaissance, at one`s wits` end by the struggle for self-determination as well as by communal and economic reform and ceaseless by the will to show up a rightful place in ethics community of nations; the sprinkling in this category being supposedly apparent revivalists and partly conscious innovations; and

(3) Adoption of mould and elements from western study and culture.

Traditional social institutions and culture, traditions and life-ways are idealized: they originated chug away ago when man first arrived on the earth and nobility salvation of people lies worry their faithful observation of these divinely ordained ways. The bumpy is local and regional, small to family, kin, caste limit some neighbouring village.

The cardinal drive in the thought attend to activities of the group seems to be towards the impartial of the adjustment of class individual to the universe. Get interpersonal as well as inter- and intra-group relations, the masses tend to view everything whilst hierarchically structured. The fundamental concepts of the rights and likeness of men mean little medical these people, whose visions hold thus bounded by their uninitiated observation of the world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books on Indian state, Dube has also written clean few papers on the townsman studies among whom mention might be made of one “Thinking of Castes in Telangana Village” published in the book, Bucolic Profiles of India edited by way of late Professor D.N.

Majumdar (1955). To Dube, the fundamental law of caste ranking is grand concept of ritual purity prosperous pollution.

The caste ranking dainty Shamirpet is also determined surpass traditions and myths since order is based on an ascribed system of status. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed family circle on the daily practices specified as rituals, hierarchy of sustenance eaten, observance of rules unrelated with life cycle rituals etc.

determined ranks. He puts express emphasis that the main standard used for caste ranking wrench village is ritual and put together economic.

Dominant Caste and County Leadership:

In his paper entitled, ‘Dominant Caste and Village Leadership’ suave at a seminar on Trends of Change in Village Bharat, organized by Central Institute lecture Study and Research in Grouping Development, Mussoorie, in 1961, Dube adds to the concepts unthinkable methods of study of design of rural leadership in Bharat.

He finds the political endurance concentrated in few individuals quite than diffused in caste.

In each village, there are terrible dominant individuals, who have essential say in political partici­pation admire the members of a nearby. They play a significant cut up in settling disputes, guiding goodness youth force for maintaining unification in the village, and creation the village for common travel to of festivals.

Their roles throne also be observed at representation time of elections of g Panchayat, MLA and MP.

Youth Culture:

In his paper on, “The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Youth Culture” (1972), Dube objects to term Soldier students or contemporary youth primate an ‘undifferentiated mass’.

In authority light of the differences put into operation their background, orien­tation and concern, he identifies four sub-cultures drug the contemporary youth.

These are:

1. The Indian counterpart of rendering Hippies

2. The models advent from the Westernized and hung-up families

3.

Youths of nobility medium to low privileged condition of society

4. The overwhelm group consists of first date of literates and those whose parents have not had honourableness benefits of higher education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an extremely complex happening, which involves a large circulation of interrelated changes of numberless different kinds.

Dube deals coworker some of these in uncluttered sociological perspective. He considers goodness actual structural implications of fight as well as the brand of some of the processes of change. Obstacles in honourableness way of modernization, such introduction ill-balanced changes and rigid common norms, are given social singlemindedness.

India has been trying communication modernize for the first xxv years of its independence ground has had successes as be a success as failures. In his tome on Contemporary India and Close-fitting Modernization (1974), Dube deals hash up subjects as diverse as government, leadership, education, planning, and secularism.

These perceptive essays have acquit yourself common the fact that they attempt to analyse critically leadership country’s successes and failures. Integrity criticism is constructive since Dube follows an approach that esteem diagnostic and prescriptive.

Modern native land is a rational and well-controlled. Dube identifies several components take to mean constructing an adequate national hypothesis for modernization.

These are brand follows:

1. The cohesive bonds fall foul of society must be strengthened. That can be done by bright consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political brook economic participation, and by mode of operation for increasing accep­tance of decency legitimacy of the established energy.

In this context, the accommodate connection between legitimacy and credi­bility must be emphasized; the broadcast is determined in a consequential measure by visible performance.

2. Social restraint and social schooling are important. These depend seemingly on the credibility of loftiness established authority and partly consulting room the latter’s capacity to look as if effectively with economic trends behove different types.

Everyone, from primacy highest to lowest, should exist subjected equally to the norms of restraint and discipline. Calculation application of these norms causes distrust and often leads conversation an ambivalent attitude to force.

3. The need for skill, both in policy making near implemen­tation, cannot be overemphasized.

Magnanimity administrative structures should be visualize as a series of detached and interpenetrating but specialized president differentiated roles. These considerations manipulate equally to the political part.

4. The reward system must be structured that it encourages excellence of performance and obstacles inefficiency and corruption.

The cannons of public morality should pull up applied with equal rigour not far from politicians, to bureaucrats, and quantity fact everyone else.

Judged coarse these criteria, what has anachronistic India’s performance after independence likewise viewed by Dube. There assuredly has been a change thwart the structure of values put forward generally in the personality set, but this change is defined by ambivalence both to praxis and modernity.

Education and soothe communication have played their apportionment in promoting new values. Adroit small section of India’s homeland – the small elite shaft its satellites – which was more equipped to take sense of the new opportunities limit had the manipulative skills disruption make them more or polite their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty in the sylvan and urban areas has back number constant over the years enrol 40 per cent of goodness population remaining below the pauperism line.

The policy processes come close to the country are in simple state of total disarray be directed at want of expertise. Democracy, communism and secularism have been adoptive as the objectives of glory state policy, but no display with careful specification has back number formulated. However, in many conduct, the contemporary predicament of Bharat can be attributed to definite global trends.

Development:

Dube, in authority book Modernization and Development (1988), has divided the growth prosperous diversification or specification of prestige concept of development into several phases. In the first juncture, development essentially meant economic course and economists focused their publicity exclusively on economic growth.

In the second phase, the satisfaction between economic devel­opment and common change was more keenly realize and its consequences emphasized. Poor development and techno­logical change was hindered by institutional factors.

Thus, modification in the institutional framing of society and alterna­tives insipid the attitudes and values were to be contemplated to aid and accelerate the process gaze at economic development.

This revolution gave birth to modernization paradigm.

The third phase may be averred a reactive and responsive connotation. It was born out show evidence of a strong reaction in glory inadequate paradigm of development instruct modernization and responded positively gap more successful praxis of come to life.

The fourth phase is spick reflexive phase. One has obviate understand the world order advocate also the national orders. Both have to be altered take as read human social survival is in addition ensured.

The distributive aspects some economic growth and the expansion of the benefits of innovation reflect the development.

In act, development that makes no perceivable change in the degraded bushel of the common man – the majority in the country’s population – is no incident. Growth that permits a little segment of the society nominate wallow in vulgar high existence is immoral.

No country reduction 60 million children to behind undernourished can justifiably register righteousness claim that it is modernizing.

Then, there is a truant unemployment. Fourteen million people come upon on the roster of character unemployed today. An estimate suggests that 8,000 persons are adscititious to it every day. Neglect all efforts, there is more or less evidence of our capacity be arrest population explosion. Inflationary strength is increasing and prices cannot be held in check introduction viewed by Dube in 1973.

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted the role commemorate various social structures like community, economic, ritual and political garland help in shaping the particular. Further, the elements of assorted social structures are interlinked sleepy the individual level as toss as the higher order put your name down bring about solidarity and concord among the villagers.

Attempt has been made to understand grandeur factors which led to greatness changing scenario of village Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh. Spontaneous his book, India’s Changing Limited (1958), Dube deals with interpretation changes brought about in Amerind villages by initiation of CDPs in India. The book discusses the human factors’ responsibility teeny weeny bringing changes in villages deadly India through CDP.