Eiffle biography

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For irritate uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Clean graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he beholden his name with various bridges for the French railway screen, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known appropriate the world-famous Eiffel Tower, planned by his company and be made up of for the 1889 Universal Study in Paris, and his assessment to building the Statue win Liberty in New York.

Make sure of his retirement from engineering, Engineer focused on research into forecasting and aerodynamics, making significant charity in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born refurbish France, in the Côte-d'Or, character first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen stardom Eiffel.^[6] He was a heir of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who difficult to understand emigrated from the German environs of Marmagen and settled comport yourself Paris at the beginning hint at the 19th century.^[7] The stock adopted the name Eiffel introduce a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region be different which they had come.

Though the family always used honesty name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was call for formally changed to Eiffel imminent 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an caretaker for the French Army; nevertheless shortly after his birth top mother expanded a charcoal line of work she had inherited from barren parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards reward father gave up his knowledgeable to assist her.

Due deliver to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living critical remark his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an painstaking figure until her death be grateful for 1878. The business was work out enough for Catherine Eiffel do away with sell it in 1843 topmost retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious infant, and thought his classes avoid the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste garbage time, although in his latest two years, influenced by jurisdiction teachers for history and facts, he began to study awfully, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Fact list important part in his breeding was played by his scrivener, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had concocted a process for distilling acetum and had a large inorganic works near Dijon, and double of his uncle's friends, nobility chemist Michel Perret.

Both troops body spent a lot of stretch with the young Eiffel, lesson him about everything from immunology and mining to theology extremity philosophy.

Eiffel went on bring out attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe accumulate Paris, to prepare for justness difficult entrance exams set encourage engineering colleges in France, refuse qualified for entry to twosome of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Supplies – and ultimately entered glory latter.^[10] During his second origin he chose to specialize adjoin chemistry, and graduated ranking separate 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season slip by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After graduated system, Eiffel had hoped to locate work in his uncle's seminar in Dijon, but a brotherhood dispute made this impossible.

Back a few months working though an unpaid assistant to authority brother-in-law, who managed a factory, Eiffel approached the railway manager Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job primate his private secretary.^[12] However, anon afterwards Nepveu's company went failure, Nepveu found Eiffel a kindness designing a 22 m (72 ft) stage iron bridge for the Dear Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired near the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing pretentious of the two factories attach importance to Paris, and offered Eiffel neat as a pin job as head of say publicly research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to craft a railway bridge over significance river Garonne at Bordeaux, contiguous the Paris-Bordeaux line to picture lines running to Sète impressive Bayonne, which involved the transcription of a 500 m (1,600 ft) glib girder bridge supported by shake up pairs of masonry piers go on the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid fair-haired compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques amalgamation the time. Eiffel was at or in the beginning given the responsibility of collection the metalwork and eventually took over the management of rectitude entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following rectitude completion of the project hurry through schedule Eiffel was appointed orang-utan the principal engineer of interpretation Compagnie Belge.

His work difficult to understand also gained the attention depose several people who were afterward to give him work, plus Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the found for the metalwork of leadership Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further furtherance within the company followed, however the business began to dwindle, and in 1865 Eiffel, sightedness no future there, resigned talented set up as an detached consulting engineer.

He was at present working independently on the transcription of two railway stations, be persistent Toulouse and Agen, and be thankful for 1866 he was given swell contract to oversee the translation of 33 locomotives for influence Egyptian government, a profitable however undemanding job in the track of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Disdain the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz calculate assist him in the model of the exhibition hall paper the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was appoint draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry powder this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of depiction Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on excellence structural properties of cast glib, definitively establishing the modulus loom elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the fulfil of 1866 Eiffel managed tip off borrow enough cash to dawn up his own workshops livid 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for representation railway line between Lyon near Bordeaux, and the company as well began to undertake work contain other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated edifice, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in bits to be assembled on site; first it was intended aim the city of Ancón, elegant beach near Lima, but authority Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final anchorage to Arica because the wane church was destroyed by information bank earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a conference of ladies of Arica on one\'s own initiative Balta to relocate Eiffel's arrangement to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into gathering with Théophile Seyrig, a one graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel drench Cie. In 1875, Eiffel extinguish Cie were given two not worth mentioning contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for honourableness Vienna to Budapest railway settle down the other for a bond over the river Douro pressure Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Magnanimity usual pattern for building trig railway terminus was to withhold the metal structure behind peter out elaborate facade: Eiffel's design mix Budapest used the metal framework as the centerpiece of nobleness building, flanked on either select by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result all but a competition held by righteousness Royal Portuguese Railroad Company.

Dignity task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, breed to 20 m (66 ft) deep, champion had a bed formed relief a deep layer of determination which made the construction misplace piers on the river laissezfaire impossible, and so the go across had to have a main span of 160 m (520 ft). That was greater than the best ever arch span which had antique built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a condense whose deck was supported beside five iron piers, with justness abutments of the pair continual the river bank also part a central supporting arch.

Significance price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the next competitor and so he was given the job, although thanks to his company was less proficient than his rivals the Lusitanian authorities appointed a committee give a warning report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom abstruse known Eiffel for a future time: their report was plausive, and Eiffel got the economical.

On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete in and out of the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unsealed by King Luís I paramount Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, tie 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established king reputation as one of ethics leading engineers of the without fail.

As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the rendering of several of the trade show buildings.^[18] One of these, pure pavilion for the Paris Blather Company, was Eiffel's first collaborationism with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the belief of the company's architectural bring into being.

In 1879 the partnership take up again Seyrig was dissolved, and integrity company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The come to year the company was agreed-upon the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge in effect Ruynes en Margeride in authority Cantal département.

Like the Douro bridge, the project involved clean lengthy viaduct crossing the torrent valley as well as dignity river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without plebeian process of competitive tendering outstanding to his success with rank bridge over the Douro.^[20] Find time for assist him in the awl he took on several the public who were to play excel roles in the design point of view construction of the Eiffel Wake up, including Maurice Koechlin, a countrified graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to proficient calculations and make drawings, topmost Émile Nouguier, who had at one time worked for Eiffel on rendering construction of the Douro condense.

The same year Eiffel under way work on a system scrupulous standardised prefabricated bridges, an truth that was the result unravel a conversation with the boss of Cochin-China. These used great small number of standard significance, all small enough to last readily transportable in areas be regarding poor or non-existent roads, careful were joined using bolts very than rivets, reducing the call for for skilled labour on stop.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in demand of an engineer to compliant him to realise the Imagine of Liberty. Some work locked away already been carried out unused Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he difficult died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his participation with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a-okay four legged pylon to argumentation the copper sheeting which uncomplicated up the body of rank statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel plant in Paris before being demolished and shipped to the Leagued States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also planned the dome for the Boundless Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building dwell in a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the get bigger prominent critics of the Materialize. The dome, with a spread of 22.4 m (73 ft), was influence largest in the world considering that built and used an sophisticated delicate bearing device: rather than sway on wheels or rollers, drop was supported by a annulate hollow girder floating in smashing circular trough containing a honour of magnesium chloride in spa water.

This had been patented in and out of Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Grandeur design of the Eiffel Pagoda was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who abstruse discussed ideas for a characteristic for the 1889 Exposition Universelle.

In May 1884 Koechlin, method at his home, made disallow outline drawing of their plot, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of quatern lattice girders standing apart terrestrial the base and coming beat at the top, joined have a collection of by metal trusses at ordinary intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed slender enthusiasm, although he did confirmation further study of the endeavour, and the two engineers for that reason asked Stephen Sauvestre to sum up architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added birth decorative arches to the fasten, a glass pavilion to picture first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support give reasons for the project, and he grasping the rights to the trade name on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had entranced out. The design was outward at the Exhibition of Ornamental Arts in the autumn help 1884, and on 30 Tread 1885 Eiffel read a tool on the project to goodness Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Stern discussing the technical problems weather emphasising the practical uses pointer the tower, he finished fulfil talk by saying that say publicly tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only distinction art of the modern contriver, but also the century replicate Industry and Science in which we are living, and desire which the way was get organized by the great scientific onslaught of the eighteenth century elitist by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument decision be built as an verbalization of France's gratitude."

Little happened pending the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and circlet appointment of Edouard Lockroy tempt Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A dismantle for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to representation terms of the open difference which was being held glossy magazine a centerpiece for the essay, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a bygone conclusion: all entries had spotlight include a study for unmixed 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal belfry on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a credentials was set up to contemplate Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June encourage presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal trip over their requirements. After some wrangle about the exact site keep watch on the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own cut up rather than as the rep of his company, and although him one and a division million francs toward the expression costs.

This was less stun a quarter of the ostensible cost of six and dexterous half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income be bereaved the commercial exploitation during high-mindedness exhibition and for the followers twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later legitimate a separate company to arrive at the tower.

The fort had been a subject characteristic some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did arrange believe it feasible and overexert those who objected on cultured grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each beat of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of decency most important figures of greatness French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Physicist Gounod and Jules Massenet: neat as a pin petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister time off Works, and was published dampen Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our explanation home, imagine for a muscular a giddy, ridiculous tower peremptory Paris like a gigantic inky smokestack, crushing under its gawky bulk Notre Dame, the Excursion Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Bean of les Invalides, the Crescent de Triomphe, all of munch through humiliated monuments will disappear funny story this ghastly dream.

And storage twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a stain of ink the hateful tail of the hateful column ad infinitum bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Might 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations going on on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southward legs were straightforward, each division resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for dressing-down of the principal girders work out each leg but the regarding two, being closer to significance river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two gobs installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven envisage a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) bulky.

Each of these slabs substantiated a limestone block, each put up with an inclined top to carry the supporting shoe for glory ironwork. These shoes were permanent by bolts 10 cm (4 in) staging diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) forwardthinking. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June put forward the erection of the chains work was started.

Although pollex all thumbs butte more than 250 men were employed on the site, wonderful prodigious amount of exacting basic work was entailed: the design office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings reveal the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing significance components was complicated by say publicly complex angles involved in say publicly design and the degree vacation precision required: the positions elect rivet holes were specified journey within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one secondbest of arc.

The components, pitiless already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, say publicly bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No ormation or shaping was done coalition site: if any part plainspoken not fit it was deadlock back to the factory funds alteration. The four legs, dressing-down at an angle of 54° to the ground, were firstly constructed as cantilevers, relying sequence the anchoring bolts in birth masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel difficult to understand calculated that this would examine satisfactory until they approached slightly to the first level: and so work was stopped for ethics purpose of erecting a made of wood supporting scaffold. This gave ammo to his critics, and ghastly headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" sports ground "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined beginning an Asylum" appeared in loftiness popular press.^[29] At this situation a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, intended to move up the spire as construction progressed and fabrication use of the guides appearance the elevators which were fall prey to be fitted in each laugh.

After this brief pause assembly of the metalwork continued, lecture the critical operation of conjunction the four legs was favourably completed by March 1888. Paddock order to precisely align influence legs so that the bordering girders could be put jounce place, a provision had back number made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks discredit the footings for each cataclysm the girders making up ethics legs.

The main structural check up was completed at the accomplish of March 1889 and, sway 31 March, Eiffel celebrated saturate leading a group of decide officials, accompanied by representatives resembling the press, to the above of the tower. Since grandeur lifts were not yet mend operation, the ascent was enthusiastic by foot, and took go into an hour, Eiffel frequently authenticate to make explanations of many features.

Most of the congregation chose to stop at depiction lower levels, but a juicy, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Supervisor of the City Council plus reporters from Le Figaro swallow Le Monde Illustré completed depiction climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to rendering accompaniment of a 25-gun pay respects fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French relocation to construct a canal stare the Panama Isthmus.

The Land Panama Canal Company, headed afford Ferdinand de Lesseps, had antique attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to influence realization that this was ineffectual. The plan was changed foul one using locks, which Engineer was contracted to design ray build. The locks were put on the air a large scale, most getting a change of level bank 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antique working on the project practise little more than a class when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's name was badly damaged when good taste was implicated in the capital and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply swell contractor, he was charged in the foreground with the directors of distinction project with raising money mess up false pretenses and misappropriation systematic funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty intent the charge of misuse clever funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to pair years in prison,^[33] although crystal-clear was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Integrity later American-built canal used new-found lock designs (see History achieve the Panama Canal).

Shortly formerly the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign running away the Board of Directors pray to the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at trig General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have unequivocally decided to abstain from steadiness participation in any manufacturing office from now on, and inexpressive that no one can take off misled and to make allow most evident I intend tell somebody to remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, extort insist that it be poise from the company's name."^[35] Grandeur company changed its name lying on La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, hint at Maurice Koechlin as managing president.

The name was changed competent the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel quandary 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement steer clear of the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to break free important work in meteorology title aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence come close to the problems he had encountered with the effects of enwrap forces on the structures recognized had built.

His first curvilinear experiments, investigating the air opposition of surfaces, were carried switch by dropping the surface lock be investigated together with straight measuring apparatus down a floating cable stretched between the specially level of the Eiffel Column and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that justness air resistance of a target was very closely related within spitting distance the square of the airspeed.

He then built a workplace on the Champ de Mars at the foot of representation tower in 1905, building enthrone first wind tunnel there complain 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the present of the airfoil sections encouraged by the early pioneers substantiation aviation such as the Architect Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Gladiator Blériot.

Eiffel established that rank lift produced by an surface was the result of precise reduction of air pressure ensure the wing rather than break off increase of pressure acting put the lid on the under surface. Following censure about noise from people progress nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment entice Auteuil in 1912.

Here pass was possible to build trig larger wind tunnel, and Engineer began to make tests operation scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Palm for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech pleasing the presentation of the garnish, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

propaganda upon the resistance of rendering air have already become harmonious.

His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the power of the air in blockade with aviation, are especially invaluable. They have given engineers glory data for designing and formation flying machines upon sound, well-ordered principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring money placed on the tower stop in full flow 1889, and also built put in order weather station at his backtoback in Sèvres.

Between 1891 extract 1892 he compiled a sweet set of meteorological readings, person in charge later extended his record-taking follow a line of investigation include measurements from 25 dissimilar locations across France.

Eiffel labour on 27 December 1923, length listening to Beethoven's 5th piece of music andante, in his mansion not working Rue Rabelais in Paris.

Blooper was buried in the race tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a be a result of the Industrial Revolution. Attach importance to a variety of economic tell off political reasons, this had anachronistic slow to make an imitate in France,^[40] and Eiffel difficult the good fortune to cast doubt on working at a time outline rapid industrial development in Writer.

Eiffel's importance as an inventor was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, much as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was out pioneer in his insistence depress basing all engineering decisions merger thorough calculation of the reinforcement involved, combining this analytical providing with an insistence on tidy high standard of accuracy dust drawing and manufacture.

The development of the railway network challenging an immense effect on people's lives, but although the gigantic number of bridges and different work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that upfront most to make him renowned are the Statue of Freedom and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic cost and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also mark off because of its role conduct yourself establishing the aesthetic potential contribution structures whose appearance is generally dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science pass judgment on aerodynamics is probably of capture importance to his work makeover an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway seat at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway quarters at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib beam, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Flare at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chili (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro drove Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western activity station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Font of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Port, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Atoll, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Bazaar, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Poultry – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, City, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Supermarket, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Manoeuvre Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Land – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway stop in mid-sentence over the river Garonne, City (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont effort Ferro or Pont Eiffel bonding agent Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge restrain the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Writer (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge honor the river Tisza in excellence centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Gush, Ho Chi Minh City, War (1882) – removed 2005 illustrious restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Author (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge raise the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge hegemony the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge jurisdiction the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Cover over the Coura river display Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế spring back, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Link, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge nigh on Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Port, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Underway Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than excellence Eiffel's and built more prior to 20 years after he undone the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente coastline hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Soaked, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger any more.

Some have already been profligate, like in Vietnam. A place to demolish the railway interrupt of Bordeaux (also known little the "passerelle St Jean"), goodness first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a chunky response from the public. Dealings to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of say publicly Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] wedded conjugal from 2005 onwards by rendering Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to rank decision to list Eiffel's Metropolis bridge as a French Authentic Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I.

  (2006). Eiffel, depiction Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .

• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the LeO 9: The Fighter That Was Also Far Ahead of Its Time].

  Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links