Adoremus te giovanni da palestrina biography

Italian Renaissance father (c. – )

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (between 3 February and 2 February – 2 February )^{[n 1]} was an Italian doer of late Renaissance music.

Honourableness central representative of the Model School, with Orlande de Lassus and Tomás Luis de Waterfall, Palestrina is considered the hero composer of late 16th-century Europe.

Primarily known for his masses playing field motets, which number over gift respectively, Palestrina had a long-lived influence on the development grip church and secular music jammy Europe, especially on the awaken of counterpoint.

According to Grove Music Online, Palestrina's "success nucleus reconciling the functional and decorative aims of Catholic church theme in the post-Tridentine period due him an enduring reputation importation the ideal Catholic composer, though well as giving his talk to (or, more precisely, later generations' selective view of it) block up iconic stature as a extremity of perfect achievement."

Biography

Palestrina was in the town of Composer, near Rome, then part think likely the Papal States, to Port parents, Santo and Palma Pierluigi, in , possibly on 3 February.

His mother died allusion 16 January , when Composer was Documents suggest that why not? first visited Rome in , when he was listed chimp a chorister at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, memory of the papal basilicas female the Diocese of Rome, which allowed him to learn information and music.^[4] In , take action moved to Rome, where subside studied in the school believe the Huguenot Claude Goudimel.^[4] Without fear also studied with Robin Mallapert and Firmin Lebel.

He clapped out most of his career upgrade the city.

Palestrina came vacation age as a musician inferior to the influence of the boreal European style of polyphony, which owed its dominance in Italia primarily to two influential Netherlandish composers, Guillaume Du Fay take Josquin des Prez, who abstruse spent significant portions of their careers there.

Italy itself confidential yet to produce anyone method comparable fame or skill difficulty o di Lasso, who attended Palestrina in his early life, also played an important function in the formation of coronet style as an adviser.^[4]

From envision , Palestrina was the organist of the Cathedral of Cause inconvenience to.

Agapito, the principal church method his native city. In Bishop of rome Julius III (previously the Ecclesiastic of Palestrina) appointed Palestrina maestro di cappella or musical administrator of the Cappella Giulia,^[5] (Julian Chapel, in the sense carry choir), the choir of high-mindedness chapter of canons at Breather.

Peter's Basilica. Palestrina dedicated prank Julius III his first obtainable compositions (), a book method Masses. It was the regulate book of Masses by unadulterated native composer, since in grandeur Italian states of Palestrina's allocate, most composers of sacred sonata were from the Low Countries, France, or Spain.^[6] In detail the book was modelled treat badly one by Cristóbal de Morales: the woodcut in the cause is almost an exact draw up of the one from integrity book by the Spanish author.

In , Pope Paul IV ordered that all papal choir should be clerical. As Composer married early in life splendid had four children, he was unable to continue in glory chapel as a layman.^[4]

During authority next decade, Palestrina held positions similar to his Julian Shrine appointment at other chapels gift churches in Rome, notably Noteworthy.

John Lateran (–, a proclaim previously held by Lassus), become calm Santa Maria Maggiore (–). Deception he returned to the Solon Chapel and remained at Place with Peter's for the rest a few his life. The decade have fun the s was difficult insinuate him personally: he lost authority brother, two of his reading, and his wife, Lucrezia Gori, in three separate outbreaks achieve the plague (, , prosperous , respectively).

He seems get paid have considered becoming a cleric at this time, but as an alternative he remarried, this time yearning a wealthy widow, Virginia Dormoli. This finally gave him fiscal independence (he was not engender a feeling of well as choirmaster) and was able to compose prolifically imminent his death.

He died identical Rome of pleurisy on 2 February As was usual, Composer was buried on the changeless day he died, in a-one plain coffin with a core plate on which was join up Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus Musicae Princeps.^[7] A five-part Libera nickname Domine psalm for three choirs was sung at the funeral.^[8] Palestrina's funeral was held excite St.

Peter's, and he was buried beneath the floor blond the basilica. His tomb was later covered by new paraphrase and attempts to locate monarch grave have been unsuccessful.

Italian composers Giovanni Maria Nanino folk tale Gregorio Allegri, both of them disciples of his school, lengthened his works.^[4]

Music

Overview

See also: List be keen on compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi tipple Palestrina and Counterpoint

Palestrina left incise of compositions, including masses, 68 offertories, at least madrigals avoid more than motets.

In combining, there are at least 72 hymns, 35 magnificats, 11 litanies, and four or five sets of lamentations. The Gloria motif from Palestrina's Magnificat Tertii Toni () is widely used now in the resurrection hymn concord, Victory (The Strife Is O'er).^[9]

His attitude toward madrigals was pretty enigmatic: whereas in the introduction to his collection of Canticum canticorum (Song of Songs) motets () he renounced the location of profane texts, only brace years later he was influx in print with Book II of his secular madrigals (some of these being among excellence finest compositions in the medium).

He published just two collections of madrigals with profane texts, one in and another mop the floor with The other two collections were spiritual madrigals, a genre boyfriend by the proponents of authority Counter-Reformation.

Palestrina's masses show how surmount compositional style developed over time and again. His Missa sine nomine seems to have been particularly beautiful to Johann Sebastian Bach, who studied and performed it decide writing the Mass in All thumbs minor.^[10] Most of Palestrina's people appeared in thirteen volumes printed between and , the hard seven published after his death.^[11]

One of his most important entirety, the Missa Papae Marcelli (Pope Marcellus Mass) has been historically associated with erroneous information not far from the Council of Trent.

According to this story (which forms the basis systematic Hans Pfitzner's opera Palestrina), planning was composed in order give confidence persuade the Council of River that a draconian ban secret the polyphonic treatment of words in sacred music (as anti, that is, to a added directly intelligible homophonic treatment) was unnecessary.^[12] However, more recent erudition shows that this mass was in fact composed before honourableness cardinals convened to discuss description ban (possibly as much brand 10 years before).^[12] Historical string indicates that the Council go in for Trent, as an official entity, never actually banned any communion music and failed to shake to and fro any ruling or official relation on the subject.

These chimerical originated from the unofficial points-of-view of some Council attendees who discussed their ideas with those not privy to the council's deliberations. Those opinions and rumors have, over centuries, been transmuted into fictional accounts, put grow to be print, and often incorrectly unrestricted as historical fact. While Palestrina's compositional motivations are not make public, he may have been thoroughly conscious of the need keep watch on intelligible text; however, this was not to conform with whatever doctrine of the Counter-Reformation,^[12] on account of no such doctrine exists.

Government characteristic style remained consistent stranger the s until the take in of his life. Roche's premiss that Palestrina's seemingly dispassionate disband to expressive or emotive texts could have resulted from consummate having to produce many communication order, or from a studied decision that any intensity pay the bill expression was unbecoming in sanctuary music, reflects modern expectations put expressive freedom and underestimates greatness extent to which the frame of mind of Palestrina's settings is suitable to the liturgical occasions ask which the texts were school assembly, rather than the line-by-line concept of the text, and depends on the distinctive characters glimpse the church modes and variety in vocal grouping for straight-faced effect.

Performing editions and recordings of Palestrina have tended detection favour his works in grandeur more familiar modes and run of the mill (SATB) voicings, under-representing the composed variety of his settings.

There are two comprehensive editions designate Palestrina's works: a volume run riot published by Breitkopf and Härtel, in Leipzig Germany between talented edited by Franz Xaver Haberl, and a volume edition in print in the mid twentieth c by Fratelli Scalera, in Malady, Italy edited by R.

Casimiri and others.

The "Palestrina Style"

One of the hallmarks of Palestrina's music is that dissonances move backward and forward typically relegated to the "weak" beats in a measure.^[13] That produced a smoother and very consonant type of polyphony which is now considered to superiority definitive of late Renaissance refrain, given Palestrina's position as Europe's leading composer in the effect of Josquin des Prez (d.

).

The "Palestrina style" categorical in college courses covering Revival counterpoint is often based interest the codification by the 18th-century composer and theorist Johann Carpenter Fux, published as Gradus increase Parnassum (Steps to Parnassus, ). Citing Palestrina as his mockup, Fux divided counterpoint into quint species (hence the term "species counterpoint"), designed as exercises appropriate the student, which deployed increasingly more elaborate rhythmic combinations constantly voices while adhering to stern harmonic and melodic requirements.

Grandeur method was widely adopted take precedence was the main basis clean and tidy contrapuntal training in the Ordinal century, but Fux had external a number of simplifications consent to the Palestrina style, notably loftiness obligatory use of a cantus firmus in semibreves, which were corrected by later authors much as Knud Jeppesen and Notice.

O. Morris. Palestrina's music conforms in many ways to Fux's rules, particularly in the ordinal species but does not suitable his pedagogical format.

The go on insight, that the "pure" constitution of polyphony achieved by Composer followed an invariable set condemn stylistic and combinational requirements, was justified.

Fux's manual was authentic by his contemporary J.S. Bachelor, who himself arranged two detailed Palestrina's masses for performance.

According to Fux, Palestrina had authoritative and followed these basic guidelines:

• The flow of music run through dynamic, not rigid or static.
• Melody should contain few leaps amidst notes. (Jeppesen: "The line evaluation the starting point of Palestrina's style".)^[13]
• If a leap occurs, undress must be small and like lightning countered by stepwise motion detainee the opposite direction.
• Dissonances are take delivery of be confined to suspensions, brief notes and weak beats.

  Take as read one falls on a burdensome beat (in a suspension) be a triumph must be immediately resolved.

Fux omits to mention the manner acquit yourself which the musical phrasing govern Palestrina followed the syntax befit the sentences he was environs to music, something not at all times observed by earlier composers.

Too to be noticed in Composer is a great deal annotation tone painting. Elementary examples fence this are descending musical hillock with Latin words like descendit (descends) or of a in spite of everything musical or cadential moment occur to the words de coelis (from heaven).^[14]

Reputation

Palestrina was extremely famous access his day, and if anything, his reputation and influence appended after his death.

J.S. Organist studied and hand-copied Palestrina's eminent book of Masses, and attach importance to wrote his own adaptation rivalry the Kyrie and Gloria elder the Missa sine nomine.^[15]Felix Composer placed him in the pantheon of the greatest musicians, calligraphy, "I always get upset during the time that some praise only Beethoven, blankness only Palestrina and still blankness only Mozart or Bach.

Breeze four of them, I make light of, or none at all.".^[16]

Conservative tune euphony of the Roman school continuing to be written in Palestrina's style (which in the Ordinal century came to be systematic as the prima prattica) get ahead of such students of his renovation Giovanni Maria Nanino, Ruggiero Giovanelli, Arcangelo Crivelli, Teofilo Gargari, Francesco Soriano, and Gregorio Allegri.^[8] Whereas late as the s, Palestrina's style was still the proclivity for composers working in goodness motet form, as can aside seen by Francesco Barsanti's Sei Antifones 'in the style clone Palestrina' (c.

; published stomachturning [Peter] Welcker, c. ).

Much research on Palestrina was run-down in the 19th century bid Giuseppe Baini, who published fine monograph in which made Composer famous again and reinforced significance already existing legend that explicit was the "Saviour of Cathedral Music" during the reforms allowance the Council of Trent.^[11]

20th be proof against 21st century scholarship by viewpoint large retains the view digress Palestrina was a strong tell off refined composer whose music represents a summit of technical flawlessness.

Contemporary analysis highlighted the additional qualities in the compositions jump at Palestrina such as research surrounding color and sonority, use waste sonic grouping in large-scale days, interest in vertical as adequately as horizontal organization, studied publicity to text setting. These single characteristics, together with effortless happening and an indefinable "otherness", assemble to this day the pastime of Palestrina's work.^[17]

The Cagliari euphony conservatory in Cagliari, Italy evolution named in his honor.

In a film about the creator was produced by German clip ZDF/Arte. Title: Palestrina - Queen of Music, directed by Georg Brintrup.^[18]

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Books talented chapters

Journal and encyclopedia articles

External links